Palm kernel husk carbon obtained from agricultural waste, were incorporated into natural rubber using a laboratory size two-roll mixing mill. For comparison purposes, commercial reinforcing filler, carbon black (N330) was also used. The effect of these fillers on cure characteristic and physico –mechanical properties of natural rubber materials at various filler loading, ranging from 0-80hpr, was investigated. Curing using a semi-efficient vulcanization was chosen and cure studies were carried out on a Monsanto Rheometer. The results indicated that carbonized palm kernel husk filler caused lower Mooney viscosity, shorter cure time, improved hardness, higher compression set values, but decreased tensile strength and tear strength, but show no significant change in abrasion resistance in comparison with the natural rubber materials. Overall results showed that palm kernel husk carbon can be used as cheaper filler for natural rubber materials where improved physical-mechanical properties are not critical.
| Published in | Science Journal of Chemistry (Volume 1, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11 |
| Page(s) | 50-55 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Palm Kernel Husk, Vulcanization, Tear Strength, Tensile Property, Hardness, Mooney Viscosity, Mechanical Properties, Natural Rubber
| [1] | H.F. Mark (2001).Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Intersicence, New York Vol. 12:42 |
| [2] | F. E. Okieimen and J.E. Imanah (2003); The characterization of agricultural waste products as fillers in NR formulation Nig. J. Polym Sci and Tech. Vol. 3 No 1 210-216. |
| [3] | E.M. Danneberg (1981); Proceeding of international Rubber conference, Loughborough. |
| [4] | G. Fleminert and C. Bueche (1957); "Light Reinforcement filler" A paper presented before the Swedish institute of Rubber Technology. |
| [5] | C. Blow and C. Hepburn (1971); Rubber Technol and Manufacture, Butter Worth Publishers London 3rd Ed. 188. |
| [6] | D. Parkinson (1957); Reinforcement of Rubber Lakeman and Co. London. 12 |
| [7] | C. Hepburn (1984); Filler Reinforcement of Rubber Plastic and Rubber international No. 9 11-15. |
| [8] | M. Morton (1987); Rubber Technology, 3rd Edn. Van Nostrand, New York; 74. |
| [9] | Z.A. Ishak and A.A. Bakar (1995) An investigation on the potential of rice husk as fillers for expoxidized Natural Rubber, Euro Polym. J. Vol. 31 No 3 259 –269. |
| [10] | ASTM 1510 (1983); American Society for Testing and Materials. |
| [11] | ASTM 1415 (1983); Method for Testing Hardness of Rubber. |
| [12] | ISO 4649 (1948); Abrasion Resistance Measurement. |
| [13] | ASTM 385 (1980); Method for Testing Compression set of Rubber |
| [14] | S. Wolff and M.J. Wang (1992) Filler –Elastomer Interaction part IV. |
| [15] | Egwaikhide, P.A; Okieimen F. E and Ohikhena S.O (2007). An investigation on the potential of palm kernel husk as fillers in rubber reinforcement. Middle East Jurnal of Scientific Research 2(1) 28-32. |
| [16] | B.L. Lee (1979); The Effect of the Surface Energies of Fillers on Elastomer Reinforcement. Rubb. Chem. and Technol. Vo. 65 No 2: 331 |
| [17] | A. K. Sircar (1987); Rubb. World 197(2), 30. |
| [18] | R.F. Fendors (1979); Rubb. World 56, 285. |
| [19] | M.Q. Patterman (1986); Rubb. World 194, 38 |
| [20] | M.P. Wagner (1976); Rubb. Chem. Tech. 49,704 |
| [21] | J. Butler and P.K. Freakley (1991); Rubb. Chem. Tech. 65,374 |
| [22] | M. Nasir and C.H. Choo (1987); Eur. Polym J. 25, 355 |
| [23] | P.K. Mehta and N. Pitt (1974);Rice by-Products conference, Valencia, 76 |
| [24] | D. Parkinson (1957); Reinforcement of Rubber, Lakeman and Co London, 12 |
| [25] | L. Holiday (1966); Composite Material 313 Elsevier New York. |
| [26] | D. Rivin (1963); Rubb Chem & Tech 36, 729 |
| [27] | C. Hepburn and C.M. Blow (1971); Rubber Technology andManufacture 3rd Edition, Butter Worth Publishing 188. |
APA Style
Egwaikhide, A. P., Okieimen, F. E., Lawal. U. (2013). Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Carbonized Palm Kernel Husk and Carbon Black (N330). Science Journal of Chemistry, 1(5), 50-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11
ACS Style
Egwaikhide; A. P.; Okieimen; F. E.; Lawal. U. Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Carbonized Palm Kernel Husk and Carbon Black (N330). Sci. J. Chem. 2013, 1(5), 50-55. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11
AMA Style
Egwaikhide, A. P., Okieimen, F. E., Lawal. U. Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Carbonized Palm Kernel Husk and Carbon Black (N330). Sci J Chem. 2013;1(5):50-55. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11,
author = {Egwaikhide and A. P. and Okieimen and F. E. and Lawal. U.},
title = {Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Carbonized Palm Kernel Husk and Carbon Black (N330)},
journal = {Science Journal of Chemistry},
volume = {1},
number = {5},
pages = {50-55},
doi = {10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjc.20130105.11},
abstract = {Palm kernel husk carbon obtained from agricultural waste, were incorporated into natural rubber using a laboratory size two-roll mixing mill. For comparison purposes, commercial reinforcing filler, carbon black (N330) was also used. The effect of these fillers on cure characteristic and physico –mechanical properties of natural rubber materials at various filler loading, ranging from 0-80hpr, was investigated. Curing using a semi-efficient vulcanization was chosen and cure studies were carried out on a Monsanto Rheometer. The results indicated that carbonized palm kernel husk filler caused lower Mooney viscosity, shorter cure time, improved hardness, higher compression set values, but decreased tensile strength and tear strength, but show no significant change in abrasion resistance in comparison with the natural rubber materials. Overall results showed that palm kernel husk carbon can be used as cheaper filler for natural rubber materials where improved physical-mechanical properties are not critical.},
year = {2013}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compounds Filled with Carbonized Palm Kernel Husk and Carbon Black (N330) AU - Egwaikhide AU - A. P. AU - Okieimen AU - F. E. AU - Lawal. U. Y1 - 2013/10/20 PY - 2013 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11 DO - 10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11 T2 - Science Journal of Chemistry JF - Science Journal of Chemistry JO - Science Journal of Chemistry SP - 50 EP - 55 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-099X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20130105.11 AB - Palm kernel husk carbon obtained from agricultural waste, were incorporated into natural rubber using a laboratory size two-roll mixing mill. For comparison purposes, commercial reinforcing filler, carbon black (N330) was also used. The effect of these fillers on cure characteristic and physico –mechanical properties of natural rubber materials at various filler loading, ranging from 0-80hpr, was investigated. Curing using a semi-efficient vulcanization was chosen and cure studies were carried out on a Monsanto Rheometer. The results indicated that carbonized palm kernel husk filler caused lower Mooney viscosity, shorter cure time, improved hardness, higher compression set values, but decreased tensile strength and tear strength, but show no significant change in abrasion resistance in comparison with the natural rubber materials. Overall results showed that palm kernel husk carbon can be used as cheaper filler for natural rubber materials where improved physical-mechanical properties are not critical. VL - 1 IS - 5 ER -
Email: