Palm kernel shell (PKS) which is a waste from oil palm tree was torrefied to improve its properties as a solid fuel. The study on Palm kernel shell torrefaction was performed under various temperature and time of 200ºC, 220ºC, 240ºC, 260ºC, 280ºC, 300ºC and 40, 80, 120 minutes respectively using a horizontal tubular type reactor made of stainless steel. The electric furnace surrounding the reactor was used to regulate its temperature. An elemental (CHNS) analyzer was also used to get the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen & sulphur contents. The calorific value was measured using a bomb calorimeter. The mass yield, energy yield, ash content, moisture content, volatile matter content and fixed carbon content were calculated. The results of the study indicate that increase in torrefaction temperature decreased the mass & energy yield of Palm kernel shell. The carbon content of Palm kernel shell increased while hydrogen and oxygen content decreased after torrefaction which resulted in higher heating value of 5 to 20%. Ash content and fixed carbon content of palm kernel shell were observed to have increased with reduction in the moisture and volatile matter therein. It therefore follows that Palm kernel shell possess valuable potentials to supplement the energy supply of Nigeria through sustainable renewable energy technologies.
| Published in |
Science Innovation (Volume 4, Issue 3-1)
This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Researches in Science and Engineering |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.si.s.2016040301.13 |
| Page(s) | 19-23 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Palm Kernel Shell, Torrefaction, Solid Fuel, Pretreatment, Biomass
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APA Style
Onyeagba Basil Obinna, Eze Somtochukwu Kingsley, Madu Okwuchukwu. (2016). Torrefaction of Nigerian Palm Kernel Shell into Solid Fuel. Science Innovation, 4(3-1), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.si.s.2016040301.13
ACS Style
Onyeagba Basil Obinna; Eze Somtochukwu Kingsley; Madu Okwuchukwu. Torrefaction of Nigerian Palm Kernel Shell into Solid Fuel. Sci. Innov. 2016, 4(3-1), 19-23. doi: 10.11648/j.si.s.2016040301.13
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Download@article{10.11648/j.si.s.2016040301.13,
author = {Onyeagba Basil Obinna and Eze Somtochukwu Kingsley and Madu Okwuchukwu},
title = {Torrefaction of Nigerian Palm Kernel Shell into Solid Fuel},
journal = {Science Innovation},
volume = {4},
number = {3-1},
pages = {19-23},
doi = {10.11648/j.si.s.2016040301.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.si.s.2016040301.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.si.s.2016040301.13},
abstract = {Palm kernel shell (PKS) which is a waste from oil palm tree was torrefied to improve its properties as a solid fuel. The study on Palm kernel shell torrefaction was performed under various temperature and time of 200ºC, 220ºC, 240ºC, 260ºC, 280ºC, 300ºC and 40, 80, 120 minutes respectively using a horizontal tubular type reactor made of stainless steel. The electric furnace surrounding the reactor was used to regulate its temperature. An elemental (CHNS) analyzer was also used to get the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen & sulphur contents. The calorific value was measured using a bomb calorimeter. The mass yield, energy yield, ash content, moisture content, volatile matter content and fixed carbon content were calculated. The results of the study indicate that increase in torrefaction temperature decreased the mass & energy yield of Palm kernel shell. The carbon content of Palm kernel shell increased while hydrogen and oxygen content decreased after torrefaction which resulted in higher heating value of 5 to 20%. Ash content and fixed carbon content of palm kernel shell were observed to have increased with reduction in the moisture and volatile matter therein. It therefore follows that Palm kernel shell possess valuable potentials to supplement the energy supply of Nigeria through sustainable renewable energy technologies.},
year = {2016}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Torrefaction of Nigerian Palm Kernel Shell into Solid Fuel AU - Onyeagba Basil Obinna AU - Eze Somtochukwu Kingsley AU - Madu Okwuchukwu Y1 - 2016/01/27 PY - 2016 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.si.s.2016040301.13 DO - 10.11648/j.si.s.2016040301.13 T2 - Science Innovation JF - Science Innovation JO - Science Innovation SP - 19 EP - 23 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-787X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.si.s.2016040301.13 AB - Palm kernel shell (PKS) which is a waste from oil palm tree was torrefied to improve its properties as a solid fuel. The study on Palm kernel shell torrefaction was performed under various temperature and time of 200ºC, 220ºC, 240ºC, 260ºC, 280ºC, 300ºC and 40, 80, 120 minutes respectively using a horizontal tubular type reactor made of stainless steel. The electric furnace surrounding the reactor was used to regulate its temperature. An elemental (CHNS) analyzer was also used to get the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen & sulphur contents. The calorific value was measured using a bomb calorimeter. The mass yield, energy yield, ash content, moisture content, volatile matter content and fixed carbon content were calculated. The results of the study indicate that increase in torrefaction temperature decreased the mass & energy yield of Palm kernel shell. The carbon content of Palm kernel shell increased while hydrogen and oxygen content decreased after torrefaction which resulted in higher heating value of 5 to 20%. Ash content and fixed carbon content of palm kernel shell were observed to have increased with reduction in the moisture and volatile matter therein. It therefore follows that Palm kernel shell possess valuable potentials to supplement the energy supply of Nigeria through sustainable renewable energy technologies. VL - 4 IS - 3-1 ER -
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